Veterinarian (retired) here.
Rabies vaccination is a must. In reality, we don't vaccinate the dogs to 'protect' them... we do it to use them as a 'barrier' between the human population and the wildlife reservoir of rabies virus. Most state public health regulations will recommend euthanasia for any dog (vaccinated or not) bitten by a confirmed rabid animal - but if they are current on rabies vaccination, there are allowances for re-vaccination and in-home quarantine. You'd have to check your state's public health regs, as they'll vary from state to state.
You can purchase rabies vaccine and administer, yourself, in some states, but in most cases, it does not count as an 'official' rabies vaccination, and if your dog bit someone, the public health authorities would treat them as an unvaccinated animal.
Routine puppyhood series of vaccinations for Distemper/Parvo/PI3/Adenovirus +/- Lepto, with booster at 1 yr is really a good idea. I've not kept up with current protocols, but historically, we started vaccinating pups at 8 weeks and boostered every 3 weeks til they were out to 14-16 wks. In later years, it often became necessary to extend that vaccination protocol out further to get good response to Parvo vaccine, as bitches were passing such high levels of Parvo antibodies across placenta and in colostrum, that they suppressed the pup's immune response to the vaccine well out past 3 months of age. We seemed to see what looked like some immune deficiency in some lines of Dobermans and Rottweillers - 'well-vaccinated' pups would still contract Parvo and die.
There is debate, even among veterinarians, about necessity for 'annual revaccination'. I think it's probably unneccessary, and we only 'booster' our dog every 3 years or so. Sure, we live longer, but no one is recommending that we get a measles, tetanus, etc. booster every year. One could draw blood samples and have antibody titers run to determine if the dog has sufficient titer to indicate probable immunity... but that cost would dwarf that of a routine vaccine
booster.
Heartworm prevention... pretty important down here.
Our dog has tested positive for Lyme and Ehrlichia at one time or another... never saw any clinical disease, but IIRC, we did run her through a course of Doxycycline, just to be on the safe side.