Per the attached link, fawn recruitment is extremely low in the Chattahoochee NF - .157. Predation caused 45 of 55 mortalities out of 71 fawns total. (Coyotes, bears, and bobcats) Another study - on Redstone Arsenal I believe - indicated at least in that area, fawn recruitment under .2 put the population into what they termed a “predator pit” - where fawn recruitment was not high enough to maintain or improve herd numbers. Some other measure was required to improve fawn recruitment in addition to doe protection - be it habitat improvement, predator removal, etc.I’ve mentioned this before, I have run hundreds of miles and hours in the woods of north Georgia. All public land. Anywhere from 4 hours to 25 hours at a time. I have seen exactly 0 deer in all that time and distance. They don’t have wolves, but they do have an abundance of mismanaged, closed canopy forests. I’m sure wolves are super bad for deer but Canada has wolves and deer. I think the forest management practices are just as much to blame.
As you indicated, In the attached link, a homogenous mature forest was thought to have contributed to the decline.
While the Chattahoochee may not have wolves, there are plenty of coyotes, bears, and bobcats.
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn survival and the influence of landscape characteristics on fawn predation risk in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA
In the Southern Appalachian region of the United States, harvest data has indicated the occurrence of low deer densities while exposing a trend of declining white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations over the past several decades in northern Georgia. A triumvirate of increasing fawn...
journals.plos.org