Here are several personal examples and the outcomes:
1) Felled a 10" diameter locust tree with a saw and hit the wet stump with glyphosate. A few months later not only had a few sucker stems come from the stump, but numerous devil babies had popped up within a 15-20ft radius. I treated each with glyphosate and haven't see any new sprouts since that time.
2) Plucked a 10" diameter tree out with a trackhoe roots and all, and have seen no sprouts in/around the site of removal. This area is now row-cropped so it's possible there were sprouts but burndown applications prior to drilling corn/beans killed them after a couple of planting seasons.
3) Basal sprayed the bottom 8-10" of stem with Garlon 4 + diesel as the carrier/penetrant (dormant season). By late summer/early fall could push the dead brittle tree over and there were no new adjacent spouts observed.
We do ALOT of TSI focused on removing invasives, improving species mix, adding longterm timber value, and of course habitat improvement. The most reliable method I've found in a forested environment where there are target and non-target trees is basal spray while dormant, leave it standing for a growing season, and that site (from that particular parent tree) is reclaimed. Now, there could still be seed waiting there to germinate but as far as that tree and the associated sucker devil babies...they're history.
During the winter months we don backpack sprayers with Garlon + diesel and hit the timber. Locust, privet, sweetgum, maple, trees with poor form, and other junk trees get the lower 6-10" painted depending on their diameter. Can cover a lot of ground quickly, you just won't see the effect immediately like with a saw. One full year later decaying junk stems litter the forest floor, the canopy is opened up, and the remaining "keepers" are off and running.