Black jack oak

[mikmaze]

I have been spending the last few weeks at a rather secure location, I'll leave it at that, but I have been seeing a real neat oak. By the title you know it is the black jack oak. Very stout leaves, leathery, deep dark shiny green. sets acorns ar a relatively young age. Who hybridizes oaks? be a great one to work with say for sandy/ poor soils, possibly cross with chestnut oak...... clipped a write up:

BLACK JACK Quercus marilandica Muench.
THE black jack oak is a tree of sandy and clayey barren lands where few other forest trees thrive. It ranges from New York to Florida and westward into Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. It reaches its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. It is found as one of the main species in the “Post Oak Flats” in the southern half of the State and in the sands along the Illinois River, near Havana. The tree sometimes reaches a height of 50 to 60 feet and a diameter of 16 inches, but it is usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping branches form a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead twigs. The bark is rough, very dark, often nearly black, and broken into small, hard scales or flakes.

BLACK JACK OAK
Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.

The leaves are of a leathery texture, dark green on the upper surface, lighter, hairy, and brown-scurfy below. The leaves are wedge-shaped, 4 to 10 inches long and about the same in width. There is a considerable difference in the leaves of this oak both in size and shape.

The fruit is an acorn about three-quarters of an inch long, yellow-brown and often striped, enclosed for half its length or more in a thick light brown cup.

The wood is heavy, hard and strong; when used at all, it is used mostly for firewood and mine props. It is also used for the manufacture of charcoal.

leaf

leaf whorl

branch on a 3.5 inch caliper tree

worst shot of a tree, was moving when taken.

 

[dipper]

Your in jail?

 

[mikmaze]

ha, nope. little more security than that.

 

[tooln]

Jeez & here we thought someone would give MO a run for his money on jail time.

 

[Reagan]

ha, nope. little more security than that.

Mexican border?

 

[mikmaze]

all the talk about where it is, am I in jail, not one comment about the oak. Grows in terrible sandy soil, sets nuts at an early age, no one seems to care, or everyone already has one growing on their place?

 

[PackerBacker]

How do you go about getting some acorns to try out? I got a piece of property that is terribly sandy and has been devastated by oak wilt. Would like to keep oaks growing there if possible and would like a little more variety than Pin.

 

[wiscwhip]

The biggest drawback for those of us in inhospitable winter climates is that blackjack oaks are considered a Zone 5+ oak. You would really be rolling the dice trying to plant them in Zone 4a or colder areas. Here is the distribution map from the USDA:


Here is some more good info on the blackjack oak:

http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quemar/all.html

It will hybridize with northern red oak, if you could find that hybrid, it might have a good chance of survival in colder climate zones.

 

[mikmaze]

the acorns on there now are not ripe, I'll poke around tomorrow see if I can find any dense leftovers from last year.

 

[mikmaze]

thank you Edward Frank:

Oak Hybrid Listings
Sylvics of North America, Volume 2: Hardwoods
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. 1990. Silvics
of North America: 1. Conifers; 2.

Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2,
877 p.

---------------------------------------------
White Oak (Quercus alba)
In addition to the type variety, two varieties of Quercus alba have been
named: Q. alba var. repanda Michx.

and Q. alba var. latiloba Sarg.

Seven hybrids are recognized: Quercus x jackiana Schneid. (Q. alba x
bicolor); Q. x bebbiana Schneid. (Q.

alba x macrocarpa); Q. x beadlei Trel. (Q. alba x michauxii); Q. x
faxonii Trel. (Q. alba x prinoides); Q. x

saulli Schneid. (Q. alba x prinus); Q. x fernowii Trel. (Q. alba x
stellata); Q. x bimundorum Palmer (Q. alba x-

robur).

White oak also hybridizes with the following: Durand oak (Quercus
durandii), overcup oak (Q. lyrata), and

chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii).
-----------------------------------------------
Swamp White Oak (Q. bicolor)
Two forms of swamp white oak have been described: a mesophytic form with
leaves that are green and

velvety on the lower surface and a more xerophytic form with leaves that
are white-tomentulose beneath. The

following six hybrids with swamp white oak are recognized: Quercus x
jackiana Schneid. (Q. bicolor x alba);

Q. x humidicola Palmer (Q. bicolor x lyrata); Q. x schuettei Trel. (Q.
bicolor x macrocarpa) (1); Q. x

introgressa P. M. Thomson (Q. bicolor x muehlenbergii x prinoides) (11);
Q. x substellata Trel. (Q. bicolor x

stellata); Q. x nessiana Palmer (Q. bicolor x virginiana). Swamp white
oak also hybridizes with chestnut oak

Quercus prinus) and English oak (Q. robur).
-------------------------------------------------
Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea)
Scarlet oak hybridizes with black oak (Quercus velutina), producing Q. x
fontana Laughlin, and with bear oak

(Quercus ilicifolia), producing Q. x robbinsii Trel.; it also hybridizes
with pin oak (Q. palustris).
-----------------------------------------------
Quercus falcata Michx. var. falcata
Southern Red Oak (typical)

Nine hybrids of southern red oak have been recognized (10). They are
crosses with Q. ilicifolia, (Q. x

caesariensis Moldenke); Q. imbricaria (Q. x anceps Palmer); Q. incana
(Q. x subintegra Trel.); Q. laevis (Q.

x blufftonensis Trel.); Q. laurifolia (Q. x beaumontiana Sarg.); Q.
marilandica; Q. nigra (Q. x garlandensis

Palmer); Q. phellos (Q. x ludoviciana Sarg.); Q. velutina (Q. x
wildenowiana (Dippel) Zabel, Q. x pinetorum

Moldenke).
-------------------------------------------------
Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.
Cherrybark Oak
------------------------------------
Turkey Oak (Q. laevis)
Turkey oak hybridizing with southern red, bluejack, laurel, and water
(Q. nigra) oaks results in the following

hybrids (15): Quercus falcata (Q. x blufftonensis Trel.), Q. incana (Q.
x asheana Little), Q. laurifolia (Q. x

mellichamp Trel.), and Q. nigra (Q. x walteriana Ashe).

----------------------------------------------
Laurel Oak (Q. laurifolia)
In the past, laurel oak and diamond-leaf oak have been considered by
some to be two varieties or even

separate species (11). Trees first recognized as laurel oak were on
well-drained sandy banks of streams

whereas diamond-leaf oak was found on poorly drained flat sites (5).

Burke concluded that laurel oak itself is of hybrid origin, intermediate
between and derived from willow oak

and water oak (2,3). His work is based on a leaf-shape index applied to
seedlings grown from acorns

collected on the North Carolina Outer Banks and at Chapel Hill, NC. He
states that laurel oak is not found

outside the ranges of the two supposed parental species. This would
appear true based on most published

maps showing the range of willow oak available in 1961 and 1963, when
Burke's publications appeared.

However, the range map for willow oak published in 1965 (14) shows
willow oak to be absent in the

southeastern half of Georgia and peninsular Florida where laurel oak
grows in abundance, leaving some doubt

that laurel oak is the hybrid between willow and water oak (14).

The following hybrids with Quercus laurifolia as one parent have been
recognized (11): Quercus falcata Q x

beaumontiana Sarg.), Q. incana Q. x atlantica Ashe), Q. laevis Q. x
mellichampii Trel.), and Q. marilandica Q.

x diversiloba Tharp ex A. Camus).
-------------------------------------------------------
Overcup Oak (Quercus lyrata)
Wide differences in quality of overcup oak occur over its
range-generally the better quality is found in its

northern and eastern range. These differences, however, are probably due
to response to site and seasonal

flooding patterns rather than to genetic differences. Limited studies of
juvenile variation within a small

geographic area have not provided any evidence of genetic variation
among localities.

Hybrids
Quercus lyrata hybridizes with Q. alba; Q. durandii; Q. bicolor (Q. x
humidicola Palmer), Q. macrocarpa (Q.

x megaleia Laughlin); Q. michauxii (Q. x tottenii Melvin); Q. stellata
(Q. x sterrettii Trel.); and Q. virginiana

(Q. x comptoniae Sarg.) (8). A cross between Q. lyrata and Q. virginiana
is reported to be promising for

propagation and dissemination (10). This hybrid is a semievergreen and
has a higher growth rate than either

parent. However, its vegetative propagation has presented problems.
----------------------------------------------------------

 

[mikmaze]

Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)
A northern form of bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa var. olivaeformis, has
been recognized (5). Acorns of this

form often germinate in the spring following seedfall rather than soon
after falling, and germination is improved

by stratification. Acorn size is about half that of the southern form,
and the cup is much thinner and smaller.

Cleaned seeds average 595/kg (270/lb) compared to only 165/kg (75/lb)
for the typical species (16). Where

the two forms are found in the same locality, as in eastern Nebraska,
the typical bur oak is more common on

the moister sites (5,13). Varietal crosses occur in such areas.
Photoperiodic ecotypes of bur oak have also

been recognized. In one study, shoot growth of a more northerly seed
source was about two-thirds of that of

a more southerly seed source under short days; under long days, shoot
growth of both sources was nearly

equal (24).

Hybrids
Bur oak has been known to hybridize with nine species as follows: white
oak, Q. x bebbiana Schneid.; swamp

white oak, Q. x schuettei Trel.; Gambel oak (Q. gambellii); overcup oak,
Q. x megaleia Laughlin; swamp

chestnut oak, Q. x byarsii Sudw.; chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), Q. x
deamii Trel.; English oak (Q.

robur); post oak, Q. x guadalupensis Sarg.; and live oak (Q.
uirginiana). The cross with white oak, Q. x

bebbiana, Bebb oak, is one of the most frequent of the white oak hybrids
and is widespread within the

overlapping ranges of the two species (9). The hybrid formed with Gambel
oak, a western species, is

somewhat unusual in that the two species do not now have overlapping
ranges (15).
-------------------------------------------
Swamp Chestnut Oak (Q. michauxii)
Swamp chestnut oak hybridizes with Quercus alba (Q. x beadlei Trel. ex
Palmer); Q. lyrata (Q. x tottenii

Melvin); and Q. macrocarpa (Q. x byarsii Sudw.)
----------------------------------------------
Quercus montana Willdenow,
Mountain chestnut oak, rock chestnut oak

The four species of the chestnut oak group in eastern North America (
Quercus montana , Q . michauxii , Q . muhlenbergii , and Q . prinoides )
are somewhat difficult to distinguish unless careful attention is paid
to features of leaf vestiture and fruit and cup morphology.
[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501064]
------------------------------
Chinkapin Oak (Q. muehlenbergii)
Chinkapin oak intergrades with dwarf chinkapin oak (Quercus prinoides)
and both have been recognized as

varieties of the same species by some authors. Dwarf chinkapin oak,
however, is commonly a low-growing,

clump-forming shrub, rarely treelike, and is a separate distinct
species.

Two recognized, named hybrids of chinkapin oak are Q. x introgressa P M.
Thomson (Q. muehlenbergii x Q.

bicolor x prinoides), and Q. x deamii Trel. (Q. muehlenbergii x
macrocarpa).

Chinkapin oak is also known to hybridize with white oak (Q. alba);
Gambel oak Q. gambelii); and dwarf

chinkapin oak (Q. prinoides) (6).
----------------------------------------------
Water Oak (Q. nigra)
There are no reported racial variations of water oak. It hybridizes with
other oak species as follows (3):

Quercus falcata (Q. x garlandensis Palmer), Q. incana (Q. x caduca
Trel.), Q. laevis (Q. x walteriana Ashe),

Q. marilandica (Q. x sterilis Trel.), Q. phellos Q x capesii W Wolf), Q.
shumardii (Q. x neopalmeri Sudw.),

and Q. velutina (Q. x demarei Ashe).
-----------------------------------------------
Nuttall Oak (Q. nuttallii)
No racial variations or hybrids have been reported. North of Memphis,
TN, this tree is easily confused with

Q. palustris (pin oak).
---------------------------------------------
Pin Oak (Q. palustris)
No races or genetically distinct populations have been defined within
pin oak, but the existence of such

populations has been suggested based on differences in flood tolerance
and resistance to iron chlorosis (3,9).

Five hybrids of pin oak are recognized (17): Quercus x mutabilis Palmer
& Steyerm. (Q. palustris x

shumardii), Q. x vaga Palmer & Steyerm. (Q. palustris x velutina), Q. x
schochiana Dieck (Q. palustris x

phellos), Q. x columnaris Laughlin (Q. palustris x rubra), and an
unnamed hybrid with Q. coccinea.
----------------------------------------------
Willow Oak (Q. phellos)
No racial variations of willow oak are known, but the following hybrids
are recognized (14): Quercus phellos

x nigra (Q. x capesii W. Wolf); Q. phellos X velutina (Q. x filialis
Little); Q. phellos x ilicifolia (Q. x giffordii

Trel.); Q. phellos x rubra (Q. heterophylla Michx. Q; Q. phellos x
falcata (Q. x ludoviciana Sarg.); Q. phellos

x shumardii (Q. x moultonensis Ashe); Q. phellos x marilandica (Q.
rudkinii Britton); Q. phellos x palustris (Q.

x schociana Dieck.).
---------------------------------------------
Chestnut Oak (Q. prinus)
No races of chestnut oak are known. Chestnut oak hybridizes with Quercus
alba (Q. x saulii Schneid.); Q.

bicolor; Q. robur (Q. x sargentii Rehd.); and Q. stellata (Q. x
bernardiensis W. Wolf) (19).
----------------------------------------------------
Northern Red Oak (Q. rubra)
Several traits related to geographic origin were identified for northern
red oak in a 14-year provenance test in

the North- Central States. Time of flushing is earliest for trees of
northwestern origin. The trend is then

eastward and southward. Autumn leaf coloration is earliest for
provenances from northern latitudes and then

progresses southward. Provenances from regions at the western edge of
the northern red oak range, where

periods of high summer temperatures and drought are common, survived
better under such conditions than

other provenances. Much variation in height growth was present and
performance of the provenances was not

consistent in all tests. The only consistent difference was the slower
growth of the northern provenances in

areas farther south. The within-family variation was so great it
obscured any real differences in geographic

origin (15).

Races
The nomenclature for northern red oak was confused for some time. The
scientific names Quercus borealis

Michx. f. and Q. borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg. were adopted after
1915 by some authors, but in 1950,

Quercus rubra L., the name in universal use before 1915, was restored
(17).

Hybrids
Northern red oak hybridizes readily with other species in the subgenus
Erythrobalanus and the following

hybrids have been named: Quercus x columnaris Laughlin (Q. palustris x
rubra); Q. x fernaldii Trel. (Q.

ilicifolia x rubra); Q. x heterophylla Michx. f. (Q. phellos x rubra);
Q. x hawkinsiae Sudw. (Q. velutina x

rubra); Q. x riparia Laughlin (Q. shumardii x rubra); and Q. x runcinata
(A. DC.) Engelm. (Q. imbricaria x

rubra).
------------------------------------------------------
Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii)
Shumard oak has two varieties-Quercus shumardii Buckl. var. shumardii
(typical), and Q. shumardii var.

texana (Buckl.) Ashe, Texas oak, found in central Texas, including the
Edwards Plateau, and in southern

Oklahoma in the Arbuckle Mountains.

Shumard oak hybridizes with Quercus hypoleucoides; Q. imbricaria Q. x
egglestonii Trel.); Q. marilandica (Q.

x hastingsii Sarg.); Q. nigra (Q. x neopalmeri Sudw.); Q. nuttallii; Q.
palustris (Q. x mutabilis Palmer &

Steyerm.); Q. phellos (Q. x moultonensis Ashe), Q. rubra (Q. x riparia
Laughlin); and Q. velutina Q. x

discreta Laughlin) (4).
------------------------------------------------------
Post Oak (Quercus stellata)
The great variation in post oak and its tendency to hybridize creates a
number of varieties and hybrids. The

following hybrids with Quercus stellata have been recognized (10): Q.
alba (Q. x fernowii Ti-el.); Q. bicolor

(Q. x substellata Trel.); Q. durandii (Q. x macnabiana Sudw.); Q.
havardii (unnamed); Q. lyrata (Q. x sterrettii

Trel.); Q. macrocarpa (Q. x guadalupensis Sarg.); Q. minima (Q. x
neo-tharpii A. Camus); Q. mohriana

(unnamed); Q. prinoides (Q. x stelloides Palmer); Q. prinus (Q. x
bernardiensis W. Wolf); Q. virginiana (Q. x

harbisonii Sarg.).
-------------------------------------------------------

 

[mikmaze]

Black Oak (Q. velutina)
Although races of black oak have not been identified, a study of 14
populations from southern Indiana to

northern Michigan revealed morphological differences. Northern
populations had smaller acorns with less cup

cover, lighter yellow inner bark, smaller winter buds, and a more
branching growth form than southern

populations (21).

Black oak hybridizes readily with other species in the subgenus
Erythrobalanus. The following named hybrids

with Quercus velutina are recognized (19): Q. coccinea (Q. x fontana
Laughlin); Q. ellipsoidalis (Q. x

palaeolithicola Trel.); Q. falcata (Q. x pinetorum Moldenke); (Q. x
willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel); Q. ilicifolia

(Q. x rehderi Trel.); Q. imbricaria (Q. x leana Nutt.); Q. incana (Q. x
podophylla Trel.); Q. marilandica (Q. x

bushii Sarg.); Q. nigra (Q. x demarei Ashe); Q. palustris (Q. x vaga
Palmer & Steyerm.); Q. phellos (Q. x

filialis Little); Q. rubra (Q. x hawkinsiae Sudw.); Q. shumardii (Q. x
discreta Laughlin).
---------------------------------------------------
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)
Two varieties of live oak are recognized: Quercus virginiana var.
fusiformis (Small) Sarg., Texas live oak, and

Q. virginiana var. geminata (Small) Sarg., sand live oak.

Live oak hybridizes with Quercus bicolor (Q. x nessiana Palmer); Q.
durandii; Q. lyrata (Q. x comptoniae

Sarg.); Q. macrocarpa; Q. minima; and Q. stellata (Q. x harbisonii
Sarg.).


-----------------------------------
Say you are looking to see whether a tree is a white oak or a red oak.
Identification is complicated by the occurrence of hybrids, which often
have quite variable leaves. All species are inclined to hybridize except
that white oaks do not hybridize with red oaks. Since many hybrids lack
fruit, it is a good idea to turn to neighboring trees with acorns. When
these fertile trees have been named it is often possible to recognize a
hybrid in respect to the two parents that are involved. Hybrids can
often be recognized as hybrids if they cannot be "keyed out" and/or do
not match any photographs and descriptions.